Chapter Three
Mao’s incarnation on the theartre of Irregular warfare :-
In 1921, the social land political anarchy are the most fertile ground for the birth and growth of socialist movement in the provinces of China. Mao was the librarian at the Chen’s University where he was studying Kautilya and Kamandak and simultaneously he was sinking deep into the ocean of Marxist literature. Chou-En-Lai was then a student at Paris. Professor Chen-Tu-Hsiu, Mao, Chou-En-Lai and militarist Chu The become the founder of communist party of China by that time Sun-Yat-Sen was driving the Chinese chariot. Sun-yat-Sen recognized Communist Party of China and affiliated it to KMT. A nucleus of the members of CPC had been trained at the military academy.
After Sun-Yat-Sen’s death in 1926 his successor Chiangkai-Shek (Genl.) lunched northern expedition. By 1927 he became impatient of communist intrigues, and liquidated leading communist leaders. He formed the government in the same year at Nankin. TheChinese army had by then infiltrated by the communists. Chu-Teh, leading the forth army at Nachang broke off from the nationalists established the nucleus of Chinese Red army and invaded Amoy Canton and Changha. Having been defeated in this campaign the Red took to the inaccessible hills of Chingkanshan, Kiangsi and Hunan. Mao was already waving the communist manifesto from those safe heights.
The army joined the politics to lunch the second successful experiment of the manifesto. Several generations of hungry peasantry tired of grinding under the wheels of dynastic stream-rollers welcomed Mao’s thought, as the only light in their dark lives. Mao’s “Autumn Harvest uprising” of 1927 failed in the battle field, but it started a chain reaction which gave him victory after victory in the battle of hearts and minds of rural people and by 1934 the rural people had already crowned Mao as their king and accepted Mao’s writ established by CPC.
The Long March started on October 16, 1934 at Yutu in Kiangsi province and ended in northern Shensi on October 20, 1935. Mao’s estimate of this distance was 10,000 miles. All along the long march, the Reds had won the peasantry by arming and feeding them land and tearing up debt-deeds signed with land lords. The whole long march can be summarized in the following words of Mao, “A revolution does not march in straight line. It wonders where it can, retreats before superior forces, advances where it has room to advance, and it possessed of enormous patience”. By the end of the long march Mao had become the uncrowned king of Chienese people. Thereafter he fought the Sino-Japanese war in Manchuria 1936-38. A unique system of underground tunnels connecting several villages was invented by Mao’s army. The tunnels offered protection to the villagers against the onslaught of Japanese army. They could sustain themselves for several days in these tunnels because food , water etc. were stored there well in advance. Booby traps were laid in the tunnels to blow-up the unwary Japanese soldiers. Gas was used to suffocate those who were trapped inside.
The next battle fought by Mao during civil war in China 1946-49. It was fought between inferior Red Guerrilas under Mao and Nationalist. The civil war was over, the Reds ruled the whole of China and Nationalist was left only in Taiwan. A revolution was over . Mao was a great thinker , Philosopher and militarist. He was very positive on his victory and even on his failure. He criticized himself on his own and discovered new ideas to take future step. He was an admirer of Kautily’s “Kuta Yudha” land follow lthe advices of Kamandak – the whole translated version he gained from ancestors who visited the kindom of Magadh and Nalanda Vishwa Vidylaya. Mao was the best self styled field Marshal on guerrilla war arena and give birth a new baby in the tactics of warfare and a new nation born.
Priciples of Guerrilla warfare /Irregular warfare
To define the principles of guerrilla warfare it is very difficult because every thing is irregular in guerrilla warfare and it follows no principles. When guerrillas build army and begin to wage regular mobile warfare by using guerrilla strategy it adopted the war as a whole. But craft and tactics, battle procedure, operational principles, methods of fighting defines the strategy and tactics of not only guerrilla warfare but also of guerrilla political operation. An attempt has been made in Vietminh Mannual to defining the principles of guerrilla warfare. Mao has viewed that “guerrilla warfare is different from regular warfare and has its own peculiarities, and consequently there are many peculiar elements present in the question of strategy in guerrilla warfare. Without modification it is impossible to apply the strategic principles of the war of resistance in general to guerrilla warfare with its own peculiarities”.However some basic principles were followed by Generals in irregular war while they were fighting numorous battles.
Maintenance of the objective
It can also be said as ‘Aim’. In any action there must be a direction in which to move instead of loitering radarless from place to place. The aim of guerrilla fight is to compel the opponent to give up fight and destruction of enemy’s will to fight. Vietminh Mannual describes the objectives, ‘endeavour to attack the enemy, force him on to the defensive, exhaust him, prevent him from increasing his radious of action’. It also emphasis that the cadres and guerrillas must be resolved to destroy the enemy completely, that is to annihilate him and take all his arms from him. All the guiding principles of military operations grow out of the one basic principle: to do one’s best to preserve one’s own strength and destroy that of the enemy .Where in guerrilla warfare the experienced guerrilla soldier and his equipment is in great scarcity compared to that in enemy’s camp and therefore, guerrilla commander cannot afford to lose his soldier and equipment as easily as his enemy can do. General Clausewitz, describes four different points of view which are possible in respect to the subject of destruction of the enemy’s armies as follows:-
1) Only to destroy as many as the object of the attack requires ,
2) Or as many on the whole as a possible
3) The sparing of own forces as the principal point of view
4) This may again be carried so far, that the assailant does nothing towards the destruction of the enemy’s force except when a favourable opportunity offers which may also be the case with regard to the object of the attack.
Offensive action
Offencive action is the act of attacking to seize, remain, or maintain the initiative, to impose one’s will on the enemy. Mao was quite clear in his mind that offensive action as the principle of guerrilla warfare was of the greatest importance. It may be noted that offensive at a certain stage turns into defensive and defensive at a certain stage turns into offensive. About the tactics of offensive action the Vietminh Mannual says that : harass the enemy clamorously in one place and fall upon him silently in another place. The harassment does not always consist of firing to wound and kill a few, but is sometimes a real small scale attack. The guerrillas might also emerge from an underground hideout to throw a few hand grenades into the village where the enemy is resting or attack the enemy in his arrival in a village when he is preparing quarters. When the enemy enters a village, fight for a time and then vanish. But when he retreats, pursue him resolutely. To attack continuously does not imply that one attacks day and night, without break. What it does mean is that as soon as an operation has been concluded one must think of the next one, prepare it carefully and execute it with the least possible.
About the strategy of offensive action , the Mannual says:
Do not insist on confronting a numerically superior or watchful enemy with the entire forces. Catch him at his weak points: rearguard of marching troops, isolate soldiers who are resting or retreating. It we attack an enemy formation or an enemy on his guard, we are bound to suffer losses. It the enemy remains stationary we harass him; we give him no respite in order to tire him out and make him incapable of repelling an attack. Disrupt the enemy lines of communication in order to make him come out to repair them land then attack them.
This is the basic concept of character of offensive action in guerrilla warfare. The offensive action has got the pride of place in the principles of guerrilla warfare because offensive action produces results, and , therefore it is positive in character. In guerrilla warfare, when the ‘culminating point of the attack’ has been reached, the guerrilla attackers do not begin to maintain a defensive ; instead, they end the attack and vanish. When the guerrillas are facing an attack, they don’t wait to give back the blow and do not consider’ transition to an offensive return’ as ‘a natural tendency of the defensive’. Instead they cut off the battle and vanish by dispersing. It is in this sense that Mao says that guerrilla offensive is ‘more offensive in its character than regular warfare, because guerrilla offensive does not admit of sustained defence at any stage.
The Vietminh Mannual also advocates that “ The essential element of gurrilla tactics consists in attacking with the greatest violence, one must attack the enemy ceaselessly and everywhere. To make use of all favourable opportunities in order to exterminate the enemy or weaken him. “ This is the essence of gurrilla tactics.
Secrecy:-
The Secrecy is an element of security has relevance to guerrilla warfare. Secrecy is taken as a security which literally means protection from observation and surprise. The smaller size of guerrilla forces, absence of their rear, absence of their lines of communication , gives the guerrillas their strength and balances against the superior material power of regular armies. In the context of any war, it means maintenance of secrecy of planning, the preparation of operations and designing and producing war equipment etc. It also means protection from strategic surprise i.g a sudden threat to vulnerable targets can jeopardize aim (the first principle of any war) even before the army is ready to go into offensive.
Since enemy spies are everywhere, secrecy must be kept not only by regular troops and guerrillas but especially also by the population. Movement of the Army and regular soldiers can be seen by anybody and it cannot be concealed from the view of the spies, whereas, even the identity of guerrilla soldier can and has to remain secret from the enemy agents, and lkthis has to be done by the population only. If the population does not disclose the identity and movement of the guerrillas, the enemy spies normally cannot find this out. Mao-Tse-tung asks the guerrillas lto arouse the population to
Prevent the leakage of news and provide a screen for out own forces; thus the enemy is kept in the dark about where and when our forces will attack, and an objective basis is created for misconceptions and unpreparedness on his part.
The Vietminh Mannual also stated the following:
“Regular troops and guerrillas must keep absolute secrecy before, during and after an operation and about all their daily activities. Be careful about what you say and how you behave. Think before you talk and talk little. During troops movement one must avoid main roads, be careful in approaching assembly points in villages where one must reckon with barking dogs and be absolutely quite. When taking up combat positions speak little, move as little as possible and do not mean when tired or wounded. Check before every troops movement that nothing has left behind in billets and that nothing reveals the change of position. Liasion and intelligence agents, when visiting the enemy-controlled zone, must not carry any documents for transmission. The cadres must set an example in keeping secrecy and they must also watch over their subordinates. The cadres and troops must also educate the population to preserve secrecy and familiarize it with counter espionage”
In actual practice in guerrilla warfare, all these factors reduce to the element of secrecy.
Alert shifting:
Mao-Tse-tung advices of the strategy of mobile warfare makes it necessary to select ‘alert shifting’ as a principle of guerrilla warfare so that the strategy can be applied into the battle-field by application of this principle. According to Mao, ‘swift concentration and dispersal’, ‘swift attack and withdrawal’ are the features of of a high degree of mobility in difficult terrain by which the strategy of ‘extend, shifting and indefinite front ‘ is applied in mobile warfare. In guerrilla warfare, concentration, dispersion and shifting are intrinsically linked with each other for the sake of guerrilla’s survival, because their position is bound to become untenable if, and surely enough when, enemy’s reinforcement arrives. Guerrillas cannot face this, therefore, they must ‘disperse’ or ‘shift’ to conserve their own strength. As a mixture of ‘flexible concentration’, ‘flexible dispersion’ , Mao says about the principle:-
When the enemy feels the danger of guerrillas, he will generally send troops out to attack them. The guerrillas must consider the situation and decide at what time and at place they wish to fight. If they find that they cannot fight, 1) they must immediately shift. 2)Then the enemy may be destroyed piecemeal. 3) After a guerrilla group has destroyed an enemy detachment at one place, it may be shifted to another area to attack and destroy a second detachment. Sometimes, it will not be profitable for a unit to become engaged in certain area, and in that case, it must move immediately.
On the principle of alert shifting the Vietminh Mannual has given thee following instruction:- Know when to advance and when to retreat; if a stronger enemy attacks us violently, withdraw in order to try to counterattack his weak points; for instance, wait until he is demoralized, tired or over confident. For example: it the enemy is about to attack us with large forces at a given point, we must evade him and then attack him in the rear. If he wants to enter the village without making his way through the gate, we must nevertheless force him to go through it and have sufficient forces ready there to wipe him out. Another instances given that, if we cannot hold out for a long time in our village in the course of a large scale encirclement by the enemy, we must inflict losses on a part of his forces, withdraw into the neighbouring village or our underground shelter and then counterattack the enemy forces when are dispersed in order to rest or move back. When your troops take up combat positions find our the routes of access and quick land easy retreat. Attack, destroy and withdraw in such a way that the enemy cannot react, bring up reinforecements in order to encircle us.
The principle of ‘alert shifting’plays a vital role in the gaining of initiative. Mao, however discussed the principle, He says “Here the three links are time, the place and the troops. No victory can be won unless the time, unless the time, the place and the troops are well chosen. In attacking an enemy force on the move, if we strike too early, we expose ourselves and give the enemy a chance to prepare, and if we strike too late, the enemy may have cncamped and concentrated his force, presenting us a hard battle. This is a question of time. If we strike the enemy to lthe weak or to the either side of the flank which is weak the victory will be easy. The question of troops we should know how
to employ tactics that changes to meake from offensive to advance and retreat to containment, from containment to assault or from assault to encirclement to outflanking etc. To do so requires the discovery of order and quick decision making.
Exploitation of Environment:- The principle of exploitation of environment teaches the development of full potential of terrain and its use. The Vietminh Mannual stresses that the support of the people is a necessary ingredient of guerrilla tactics. The Manual also ask guerrillas to seek favourable terrain. Thus, people and terrain combined, make environment a necessary ingredient of guerrilla tactics. This principle adopted guerrillas for their survival. Guerrillas, the popular support right at the battlefield and around it is vital, not only when no encounter is taking place, but also when the encounter is taking place or has taken place, because the guerrillas will need to vanish after the encounter and this they cannot do without the popular support. People have to hide them in their houses, keep quiet about their movement and mislead the army about the direction of guerrilla movement. Also the people provide them the guides who help them to locate the ideal terrain for encounter and ideal hideout after the encounter. To gain this cooperation of the people, the guerrillas make effort to win them and, after this has been done, they exploit it for successful execution of tactics.
Thereafter comes the base area of guerrillas. In base area the guerrilla can carry out their self preservation. When the the enemy is hunting them, or when they want to vanish after an engagement for which creating solid base area means the exploitation of terrain. An excellent example of bae area comes from Indian epics. When Mathura city and its population was threatened by the combined might of Jarasandh and Kalayavan(3 crore army of Kalayavan alone), Krishna appreciated that he could not win a pitched battle against his and apprehended great danger to lives and property of the people of Mathura. Srimad Bhagwat Mahapurana says thus : “Krishna, therefore, decided to creat a safe Base area, and the base area was to be made impregnable by the enemy. Thereupon, Sri Krishna made a Base City in the depth of the ocean. This base area was 96 miles long and wide” This gives an example of art of best use of available ground in irregular battle field were also in use in ancient time. In other words it can be said that the ‘Hide and Seek’ principle would exhausted the army in hunting the guerrillas and achievement would come on their part.
Speed Means the power to move or to act more rapidly than enemy also included the capability to deal quickly with new problems by adjusting pre-arranged plans to meet changing conditions. In war front , in the field craft and tactics it is basically an instrument of tactics used by guerrilla as one of the principle. In irregular warfare in order to avoid enemy’s strong points and to transform it into a weak point the guerrilla must be quick. One must be quick because the enemy will not remain stagnant for long and unless the guerrillas exploit at once, they may suffer in the end.
The Vietminh Manual says in which “speed’has to to translated
‘During battle one must never stay immobile in one place, behind a bamboo fence or in a dudout. On the concrary one must know how to move forward or back when necessary and to fight equally well inside and outside villages. During combat all movements, assault and treat land the firing of guns must be carried out quickly. Everybody must, through ardour and heroism, be equal to the enemy in morale from the very first minute of the engagement. In ambushes in particular, the attacks must be made simultaneously in order to prevent the enemy from judging the situation correctly and to avoid missing a favourable opportunity. After each engagement, the field of operation must be quickly cleared and material speedly recovered.. In case of urgency the booty must be collected without delay.. Take only arms and documents and withdraw at once. In order to carry out the operation quickly one must thoroughly acquainted with the terrain, the roads and nearby posts. One must be familiar with the plan of operation and one’s task. One must know the combat technique thoroughly: Finally, one must be instilled with the desire to annihilate the enemy and with belief in win’
Deception Surprise in regular warfare is deception in guerrilla warfare. The deception causes extreme surprise, the guerrilla leads his enemy into a trap by using deception about the place of attack, strength of attack, time of attack and method of attack and this leads not merely to surprising the enemy but leading him to the stage of suicide. Tactical surprise, and it extremely concentrated from Deception comes more naturally to guerrillas because of the following reasons:
1) Guerrilla is a weak force.
2) Guerrilla soldiers, almost always being the assailant, can practice Deception better than regular force.
3) Guerrillas, almost always operate ‘in the flank or rear’ and the effect of surprise is always heightened if it takes place in the flank or rear and an enemy completely engaged in the crisis of victory in his extended and scattered order, is less in a state to counteract it.
4) The guerrilla band being ‘small’ operating ‘by night’ and knowing the ‘country better than’ the regular soldier, can practice deception .
To creat misconceptions for the enemy Mao says: ‘to see every bush and tree on Mount Pakung as an enemy soldier is an example of misconception. And ‘making a feint to the east but attacking in west’ is a way of creating misconceptions among the enemy.
Guevara is also with view that’ The guerrillas’ numerical inferiority makes it necessary always to attack by surprise, permitting him to inflict disproportionate losses upon the enemy. Such an advantage is indispensable, because with the equal casualties on both sides, the numerically inferior guerrilla land would be wiped out much sooner than the more numerous enemy’.
On the principle of Deception the Vietminh Manual gives the following instructions :
Give the appearance of having smaller forces thanyou actually have. Mislead the enemy, make him negligent, and then attack unexpectedly. Make yourself alternatively
visible and invisible so that the enemy does not know where we are and cannot attack, for instance: come out of a secret tunnel in order to attack the enemy and then disappear at once. In the course of the battle we give the impression that we are forced to withdraw so that the enemy takes up the pursuit and reaches our positions. Where we wipe him out. We use stratagems and provocation to lead him on. One must not always use the same tactics.The constant use of the same tactics allows the enemy to defend himself more easily and to the initiative. We must therefore vary our combat techniques, which requires intelligence and the constant recourse to ruses.
Cooperation Cooperation is regular army is a simple affair because all the units belong to one army and one command but, in guerrilla military operations, even the military activity is carried out by ensuring active cooperation between armed and civilian units, all of which are not under the control of one military commander..
The guerrillaa need to seek and give cooperation in the following fields:
1. Cooperation with the neighbouring guerrilla bands.
2. Cooperation with the local people
3. Cooperation with the political cadres of guerrillas i.e. the civilian guerrillas
4. Cooperation with the overground sympathizers.
4. Cooperation with Sister organization and supporters.
5. Cooperation with NGOs working for development of rural areas.
6. Cooperation with Lawyers, Doctors, Artists, Actors, Writers, Journalist etc.
7. Cooperation with civilian society where ultimately guerrillas has to settle at the end.
Morale and Motivation Morale and motivation are said to be battle winning factors and key of success. In military term morale means ‘will to fight’ and in normal term it means ‘will to work’.
Good morale can be known by following:
1. Enthusiasm
2. Voluntary response to orders.
3. Espirit-de-corps to achieve objectives.
4. Loyalty to organization and leadership.
5. Good discipline.
6. Stamina to stand stress and strain.
7. Use of initiative.
8. Pride in organization.
9. Interest taken in turn-out and personal habits
10. Extra work done willingly
11. Feeling that all are getting their due.
12. Sense of satisfaction
Good motivation can be known by following
1. Moving towards achieving objectives of organization.
2. Urge to attain goal
3. Desire of advancement in an organization.
4. Inspiration to win object/Aim/Target.
Planning Planning is selecting information and kaming assumption regarding the future to formulate activities necessary to achieve organizational objectives. No planning can be done without objectives.
Advantage of planning:
1. Purposeful land orderly activities.
2. Point out need for future change.
3. Answers what? It? Questions.
4. Provides a basis for control.
5. Encourage achiements.
6. Compels visualization of entire activity.
7. Information and futures facts are not in accordance.
Mao was categorical about this principle, he says, Without planning, victories in guerrilla warfare are imposible. Any idea that guerrilla warfare can be conducted in haphazard fashior indicates a flippant attitude or ignorance of guerrilla warfare. The operations in a guerrilla zone as a whole, or those of a guerrilla units or a formation, must be preceded by as through planning as possible, by preparation in advance for every action. Grasping the situations, setting the tasks, disposing the forces, military and political training, securing supplies, keeping the equipment in good order, making proper use of the peoples’ help, etc all these are part of the work of the guerrilla commanders, which they must carefully consider and conscientiously perform and check up on. With doing so,there can be no initiative, no flexibility, and no offensive. True, guerrilla conditions do not allow as high a degree of planning as do those of regular warfare land it would be a mistake to attempt very thorough planning in guerrilla warfare. But it is necessary to plan as thoroughly as the objective conditions permit, for it should be understood that fighting the enemy is no joke.
In tactics, four considerations appear to be most important for being kept in mind at the time of planning.
1. Firstly, the plan of attack must produce victory and there should be no hesitation in dropping the plan at any any stage where victory seems to be in doubt. The reason behind the tactical consideration is the mandate of Mao ‘fight no battle you are not sure of winning’
2. Secondly, the plan of attack must keep in mind the protection of bases and population.
3. Thirdly, the guerrilla commander must scrutinize and appreciate all intelligence reports before makin a plan of attack. Intelligence network must be energized and courier system put into operation for speedy transmission of intelligence reports. If the intelligence reports are not correct the plan is doomed to failure.
4. Lastly, the plan of attack should be very thorough and exhaustive. So thorough should be the plan of attack that Vietminh Manual expects the guerrilla commander even to, -determine before each operation the number of enemy soldiers to be annihilated and the number of arms to be taken, in accordance with our own means and the enemy’s forces.
Guerrilla political operation are conducted by civilian guerrillas either by themselves or with the aid of armed guerrillas, divided by two ways . The first one is by Violent measures and second one is by Non-Violent measures
Violent measures
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↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Riot Civilian Sabotage Terrorism Armed propanganda
(With the help with the help of with the help of
of armed guerrillas armed guerrillas armed guerrillas
NON- Violent measures
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Armed Infiltration Manipulation of crowds Civilian Espionage
Propanganda (People’s militia) &
(To drive home Counter Espionage
the political cause) │
│
│
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↓ ↓
Strikes, Demonstration & Rallies Boycott
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↓ ↓ ↓
Psychological Ideological Manupulation of crowd for
Warfare Indoctrination for Logistical support
1. Passive support
2. Motivation
3. Logistical support
The guerrilla warfare is waged by guerrilla bands who oppose the war effect of the home army to help the army of the enemy. The main task of these bands is sabotage and subversion. The bait for such guerrilla band is that they would be given political power after the established government of their country is overthrown by the enemy armies whom they are supporting. Such guerrilla bands are raised through subversion and exist in many under developed and developing countries. The guerrilla band are organized in the following sections:-
Personnel section .this section maintain the roster of guerrillas and their personnel matters also preparing organization tables.
Security and Intelligence section This section dealt with collecting information for carrying out espionage and counter-espionage activities. They collect information about enemy agents , armaments and logistical bases, also operating radio network for subversive activities. They used to supply nurses/ayay to the hospitals, construction labour for construction companies, girls and women employed as washerwomen and maid servant, interpreters, even beggers moving round vital installations - for collecting information. These information are passed on to guerrilla intelligence headquarters through messangers. Even children are used to act as a messangers and paid good amount of money. The intelligence group also surveys various field like strength of police organization from district HQ to PS level and the relevant Phone numbers of each police station, Railway time table and even maintain goods trains time table, Airways time, the itineration of VIPs,, information of shiping services, bus services, information of telephone services by various agencies and their codes of operation in different places, internet services , price of commodities and daily market, other information like private doctors and nurshing homes , private banks through which money can be transfer easily using fake names, small tools companies, and other vendor services, and also maintaining good relation with local criminial etc. They also select the respective secret codes of communication , gesture etc fortnightly and issue among the guerrilla bands.
Logistics section
They organized theft for collecting transport, arms and ammunition and stored them in different places in villages and cities. When the guerrillas are operating from villages they keep their stroes in nearby metropolitian cities because it is very easy to keep stroes in big cities as it is not very easy for police personnel to keep vigil round the clock over the cities. This section supply food, clothing, ammunition, forged identity cards to the new members for the band etc.. The workers of these sections are called ‘panther’ or ‘feeder bands’.
Medical section All medical assistance given by this section. Mostly runs by hired doctors and kidnapped doctors or doctors on holiday tour outside the cities. Clandestine hospitals runs by this section. Shortage of medicines was made up by the use of indigenous herbs collected from natural vegetation. For this purpose the cadres are issued with a manual called ‘Medical plants and Their use’. Further to this the hospital supply medical vans were sometimes raided by guerrillas to procure medicines for their clandestine hospital.
Communication section This section used all means of communication such as footmen, mounted and motorized messengers, and all types of technical equipment such as wireless, telephone and mobile phones, telegraphs, pilferaged laptops etc. Predesigned codes, messages and visual signals like semaphores, flags and panels were used when necessary. Many corrier services are also used for communication purpose. Even the railway drivers/guards, pilots of airways, long route bus drivers were some times threatened or terrorise to supply the enveloped messages. In many long distance railways routes the pantry car staffs are sometimes used as goods/messenger suppliers which generally go un-noticed by senior authorities.
Training section The training section is responsible for preparing the program of courses.
They conduct weapon training of new cadres and there have training centre in every district and state. Other courses starting from three days to three week for specialized jobs were run by guerrillas Regional Committees in cities. The instructors came from the higher level of guerrilla formation. Training was imparted on the following subjects: Laying of IEDs, handling of explosives to destroy railway tracks, roads, bridges, airfields, planes, vital installations and other means of communication. Further to this: map reading in jungle areas, confidential jumping, method of contact to other guerrilla bands, light signaling weapon handling and practice of firearms, preparation of IEDs with available means( mostly tiffin carrier), methods of arson, construction of bunker(dug-outs) and ground reconnaissance, strategy and tactics /battle craft and battle procedures of guerrilla bands, trapping of police forces, construction of underground tunnels to connect house to house and village to villages, telephone tapping, using of computer(Laptop), collection of speed money from roadways in a disguise of police personnel, selling of natural resources , bank dacoity, train looting etc. Training also given to cross the state borders in a prescribed manner. Women cadres are given training on dance drama and art of seducing police officers and military personnel. Practicing ‘voodoism’ is another part of guerrilla training though science behind this practices (mostly tribals) are not recognized in this era.
